LABORATORY 8
Laboratory of
Sensory Information Processing
Executive Head of Laboratory – Dr.
(Biology) Vladimir Bastakov
The leading researchers of the laboratory include:
|
Dr.Sc. (Biol.) |
D. Lapshin |
Dr. |
O. Orlov |
|
Dr.Sc. (Techn.) |
D. S. Lebedev |
Dr. |
T. Podugolnikova |
|
Dr.Sc. (Math.) |
D. G. Lebedev |
Dr. |
E. Rodionova |
|
Dr.Sc. (Biol.) |
I. Pigarev |
Dr. |
M. Smirnov |
|
Dr.Sc. (Biol.) |
G. Rozhkova |
Dr. |
V. Vedenina |
|
Dr. |
K. Golubtsov |
|
D. Nikolaev |
|
Dr. |
E. Maksimova |
|
P. Maximov |
|
Dr. |
V. Maximov |
|
A. Panjutin |
The main
research area of the laboratory is
investigation of information processing in sensory systems and in nervous
system of man and animals in general. These researches are aimed onto:
·
elaboration of adequate models which
show how the studied principles of information processing in the nervous system
are realized in the formation of complex behaviour,
·
elaboration of mathematical models
simulating significant functions of distinct divisions of sensory systems,
including peripheral, central and sensorimotor levels of information
processing,
·
comparison of principles and
solutions of similar problems in live and technical information systems
intended to improve the later,
·
designing and implementing
diagnostic methods and devices for ophthalmology.
To cope with
the problems mentioned, different approaches and methods are used by the
laboratory researchers, including neurophysiological, psychophysical and
morphological methods, as well as animal behaviour field studies and computer
simulations of sensory processing. Among the most important problems is description
and classification of numerous functional types of neural units which are
involved in the sensory information processing at several levels of integral
nervous system. Thus, in vision the peripheral level of information processing
is represented by the retina, while the brain visual centres (cortex and
caudate nucleus in cats and monkeys, diencephalon and mesencephalon in fish and
in frogs) represent the central level. Investigation of neurons’ functional
types is performed by means of both neurophysiological and morphological
methods. Microelectrode experiments are aimed on recordings of responses from
separate single units (neurons) at different levels of the retina, which itself
is composed of several distinct layered nerve structures, each of them being a
complex ordered network built of different neuron classes. These experiments
are performed on immobilized live animals using their visual stimulation.
Morphological studies specify those neural structures and morphology of the
nerve cells which are subject of neurophysiological investigation. Functional
features of neural components are the matter of comparison to some distinct
forms of sensory-guided integral behaviour of the same experimental animals
(fish, amphibia cats), this way providing the background for modeling of
corresponding neural circuits in terms of computer simulations. Such, computer
simulations include modeling of neural event underlying of information
processing at the level of cone receptor population (in primate retina), as
well as interaction of receptor and horizontal cells in the retina (in fish).
General principles of sensimotor information processing (such as colour and
size constancy in visual perception, binocular vision mechanisms, spatial
orientation, echolocation in moths, bioacoustics in locusts during the breeding
period) are the matter of psychophysical experiments on both healthy subjects
and medical patients having different sensory disturbances; as well as in
behavioural experiments on animals. Basic researches provide the background for
applied outcomes in the form of diagnostic methods and devices for medical
ophthalmology, which are as well being designed and implemented by the laboratory
staff.
Ambient illumination flickering belongs to the
list of features of real surrounding world
which complicates enormously the physical description of real scenes, retinal
images of which have to be processed by human/animal visual system. Hence, any
visual system has to elaborate means to overcome this complication in the
process of detecting and recognition of real objects. Up to recently the vision
imulating algorithms were elaborated in assumption of a static world pictures,
where the main attention regarding illumination nonuniformity was devoted to
the static spatial parameter, while rapid temporal changes from frame to frame
were underestimated.
Real dynamics of natural illumination was investigated by means of an original sort of radiometer, designed for three natural ecological niches each having its specific illumination: 1) under the forest foliage with its flockering direct sunlight and shadow patches, 2) on the shore, close to reflecting water surface having wind-dependent ripples on it, 3) under water, at shallow places where surface ripples produce dynadic extended lenses which focus sunlight on the bottom. It was shown that illumination in this case is changing up to hundred times in intensity at the rate from less than 1 Hz up to tens of Hz depending on weather, water transparency and the bottom depth. This poses strict demands regarding dynamic properties of visual system and synchronization of information processing in it. (V. V. Maximov, P. V. Maximov.)
Моdeling of retinal neurology. A linear model
of Red-Green opponency of the cones in primate retinal ganglion cells has been
elaborated. The model permits to find out the stable-state signal value in
response to whatever stable light stimulus, and among others to find out mutual
influence and distortions of Red-Green and Brightness channels, as well as to
evaluate the intensity of ‘spatial noise’ due to the random distribution of
L-(longwave) and M-(middlewave) cones in primate retina. Model permits to investigate
the ways the integral output of midget ganglion cells of primate retina
separates information regarding brightness and colour. By means of the model,
the role of lateral interaction in outer and inner plexiform retinal layers in
the formation of the receptive field surround of midget ganglion cells is
revealed. This model, as opposed to ones developed and published by others,
permits to obtain quantitative results, and among others to determine a
dependance of retinal visual aquity on algorithms of midget ganglion cells’
output processing. Outcome of computer experiments with model enable to reveale
the role the midget ganglion cells in primate retyina play in processing of visual
information. (D. S. Lebedev.)
Human visual acuity. Age-dependent visual deficit, the
presbiopy, is connected usually to inability to bring in focus the near
objects. However it is known that aged persons have problems in seeing remote
objects as well. It can be assumed that aged people possess some preferred
range of sharp seeing at intermediate distance. This was tested in course of
immediate measurements of noncorrected visual acuity in 150 aged persons of
different ages (90 ss of 35-90 years old, and 60 ss of 17 to 35 years). The
assumed individual optimal distance, at which everyone demonstrates one’s best
acuity, was really observed. Surprisingly, it was expressed in many young
persons not less than in aged ones. Even more, measurements of acuity in
teenager and preschool children revealed that they demonstrate a likewise
dependance of acuity on the test distance. Existence of some optimum at
intermediate distance suggests a sort of tonic accomodation state that
determines a kind of pre-setup of the visual system and hence the middle of its
working range. At any age the visual system demonstrates its acuity performance
in the middle of working range, but the width of the range of successful
focussing is determined by recources of accomodation mechanisms which weaken
with ages thus leading to narrowing of corresponding range of good seeing. (G.
I. Rozhkova, T. A. Podugolnikova, E. I. Rodionova.)
Depth constancy of visual space represented at
occipital cortex in cat. In course of electrophysiological study of occipital
cortex in cat, an area having a new principle of topic projection of outer
visual space was discovered. Visual neurons of this zone, which was named
likewise to human nomenclature a V4A zone, have quite unordinary properties.
Neurons respond selectively to visual stimuli presented only at distinct
distancies from an animal, and this selectivity is independent on the fixation
point (which is determined by a separate visual stimulus that is
simultaneousely presented to the cat during recording from neurons). Besides
this, neurons having identical receptive field properties but representing
upper and lower quadrants of visual field, turned to be localized in the cat
cortex at long distances from each other. This distinguishes them from formerly
described disparity-sensitive ones. (I. N. Pigarev, E. I. Rodionova.)
Size constancy and visual illusions. Adult amphibia
(frogs and toads) in both lab and field circumstances are driven in their
behaviour by real size of objects, which permits them correctly recognize and
respond to prey and enemy independent of the distance to them. It is less known
but no less interesting what happens to size constancy in young frogs and toads
which after their metamorphosis from tadpoles almost suddenly obtain both quite
new visual world (including new way of feeding by means of prey-catching) and
almost new visual system (with changed eye position and new brain connections),
i.e. having yet no visual experience in their environment. Investigation of
visual illusions, a traditional approach in human vision researche, was for the
first time applied to test size constancy in visually naive frogs and toads.
New data have been obtained relative green frogs just after their metamorphosis
and having yet no visual experience. They demonstrate an ability to
discriminate 'enemy' and 'prey' models obviouselu relying on their real size,
i.e. independent of angular size change with distance. As it is known regarding
adult frogs, crucial cues for visually naive animals in recognizing object
distance (which would permit to correct the distance-dependent of angular size)
are the structured backgroung, and angular size and angular velocity of model.
For the first time it was shown that if retinal image of moving stimulus is
defocussed, then a visual illusion (incorrect perception of distant model as a
close one) happens only in the case that angular velocity is high. (V. A.
Bastakov, S. V. Ogurtsov.)
Echolocation and bioacoustics in insects. Nocturnal moths
(Noctuidae) possess impulse echolocation which they use for spatial
orientation. It is known that defence of receiver input from overload while
transmitting probe signal is a prerequisite for successful operation of impulse
locator. Process of sensitivity rebound of receiver takes inevitably some time,
which in fact poses limit of nearest object that may be perceived by location.
Noctuide have small size (below 5 cm), and nearest limit of successful location
should be in reasonable proportion to insect size. Temporal delay of echosignal
for 5 cm is about 0.3 millisecond. In behavioural experimental session, the
dependance of sensitivity of locating moths on delay time had been tested. In
the delay range 0.2-0.5 msec response thresholds regularly decreased such that
at 0.2 msec thresholds were 30 times (30 dB) higher than at 0.5 msec. Thus,
Noctuidae are able to detect objects tey meet during their flight at short
distances. Revealed dependence of echolocation system sensitivity on delay time
of echosignal may have some adaptive meaning, as echo from close objects has
higher average amplitude, and perception of suchsignals needs less sensitivity
of receiver device. (D. N. Lapshin.)
Stridulation of
a locust, Ch. Аlbomarginatus had been
studied during experiments in which this behaviour was elicited by injection of
acetylcholine agonists into region of protocerebrum where stridulation command
neurons are localized. Distinct components of the full song, or full song
consisting of several components, or different manifestations of courtship were
observed due to such stimulation depending on the site of agent injection.
Inspection of elicited variations of stridulation revealed hierarhic structure
of suggested neural network subserving stridulation in locusts. (V. Yu.
Vedenina.)
Ophthalmology. Diagnostic equipment for
ophthalmology designed in the lab passed testing and evaluation in contact with
the Helmholtz Institute for Opthalmic Diseases, the MEDCI Hospital, the Centre
of Traumatic Ophthalmology, and the MONIKI institution. Formerly designed
apparatuses KChSM-U and KChSM-D were used for investigation of children having
different defects of their visual system. Data obtained were laid in background
of a brochure, the methodical tutorial "Flicker fusion frequency for
coloured stimuli in diagnosis of diseases of retina and of optic nerve in
children". Testing of effectiveness of colour stimulation of children
having weak vision was fulfilled in kindergarten № 3 (Doubna town). It was
shown that light stimulation by means of device "Raduga-3", designed
in IITP, is more effective as compared to likewise devices in medical use
nowadays. Visual pathologies connected to brain tumours were tested by means of
device "Chiasm-04". Method for recording of unilateral optic nerve
pathologies has been elaborated. (K. V. Golubtsov, O. Yu. Orlov.)
Methods for
recording and measurement the parameters of human ocular pursuit/trace
movements have been elaborated. The method includes computerized control of
stimulus movement, processing of collected data, adjustment and graduating of
experimental set, selection of informative data series, and presentingof results
in ergonomic analytical and graphical form. Ocular movement recordings demonstrate
that during the sight pursuit, a permanent retinal image shift (lag) plays the
same role as the ocular drift. Analysis of the formerly proposed visual systems
models proved that they are adequate to current topic. (D. G. Lebedev, V. P.
Andreev, N. S. Surovicheva.)
International
affairs. Problems of constancy in
perception of physical parameters of external objects by different sensory
systems in representatives of different levels of evolution including human had
been discussed during a Symposium, "The Constancy of Perception:
Neuroethological and Comparative Aspects" held in frames of 6th
International Congress of Neuroethology, Germany, Bonn, 2001, 29.07-03.08.
Organizer and chairmen of Symposium was V. A. Bastakov, invited lecturers were
Justin Marshall (Australia) and G. I. Rozhkova, V. A. Bastakov, and O. Yu.
Orlov from IITP RAS; P. V. Maximov from the same Laboratory No. 8 of IITP RAS
presented a poster devoted to his joint research together with V. V. Maximov.
Essence of problem is that animals and man have to
rely upon sensory flow in order to orient in environment. At the same time,
stable physical features of surrounding objects, which are significant for
arranging of behaviour, are unstable in terms of sensory flow: in vision, such
features like brightness, angular size, visible form and colour of things vary
dramatically depending on distance, relative orientation, illumination
conditions and so on. Because of this, sensory systems are posed to the need to
reconstruct necessary information from available sensory flow components. Comparative
approach to the problem having much in common for different sensory modalities
and common to whatever representatives of animal kingdom, but finding its
solutions by different means, looks promising.
Grants from:
·
Russian Basic Research Foundation (№ 99-04-48831): "Striasomes and neostriatum
modules – independent elements or the parts of integral system?" (E. I.
Rodionova).
·
Russian Basic
Research Foundation (No. 00-04-48657): "Меchanisms of moving objects
size constancy perception in frogs and toads" (V. A. Bastakov).
·
Russian Basic
Research Foundation (No. 01-04-48632): "Mechanisms and functions of
colour opponency in vertebrate vision" (V. V. Maximov).
·
Russian Basic
Research Foundation (No. 00-04-48704): "Investigation of topographic
macromosaic and the properties of constant presentation of depth in fourth extrastriatal
layer (visual zone V4A) of occipital cortex of cat" (I. N. Pigarev).
·
Russian Basic
Research Foundation (No. 01-04-49484): "Меchanisms of age-dependent
changes of visual acuity" (G. I. Rozhkova).
·
Russian Basic Research Foundation (№ 01-04-58750): "Partake in 6th International
Congress of Neuroethology, Germany, Bonn, 2001, 29.07-03.08 (P. V. Maximov).
·
Russian Basic Research Foundation (№ 01-04-58751): "Partake in 6th International
Congress of Neuroethology, Germany, Bonn, 2001, 29.07-03.08 (V. A. Bastakov).
·
Russian Basic Research Foundation (№ 01-04-58752): "Partake in 6th International
Congress of Neuroethology, Germany, Bonn, 2001, 29.07-03.08 (G. I. Rozhkova).
·
Russian Basic Research Foundation (№ 01-04-58753): "Partake in 6th International
Congress of Neuroethology, Germany, Bonn, 2001, 29.07-03.08 (O. Yu. Orlov).
·
Sense of Smell
Institute Grant: "The effects of fragrances on memory and mental performance in
schoolchildren" (E. I. Rodionova).
·
Alexander von
Humboldt Foundation Grant (Stipend), IV RUS/1054747 STP: "Hybrid
zone and barriers to gene exchange between closely related grasshopper species
of the Chorthippus albomarginatus-group" (V. Yu. Vedenina).
1.
Рожкова Г.И.,
Токарева В.С. Тесты и таблицы для оценки зрительных способностей. М.: ВЛАДОС,
2001, 102 с.
Articles
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Ранцман Е.Я., Гласко
М.П., Губерман Ш.А., Максимов В.В. Морфоструктурное районирование поверхности
Марса (фрагмент) // Геоморфология. Т. 3. 2001. С. 118-124.
2.
Рожкова Г.И.,
Васильева Н.Н. Взаимодействие бинокулярного и стереокинетического механизмов
восприятия глубины у детей с нормальным и нарушенным бинокулярным зрением //
Сенсорные системы. 2001. Т. 15. № 1. С. 61-68.
3.
Рожкова Г.И., Токарева
В.С., Ващенко Д.И., Васильева Н.Н. Возрастная динамика остроты зрения у
школьников. I. Бинокулярная
острота зрения для дали // Сенсорные системы. 2001. Т. 15. № 1. С. 54-60.
4.
Рожкова Г.И.,
Токарева В.С., Ващенко Д.И., Громова И.Э., Сенькина Е.В. Возрастная динамика
остроты зрения у школьников. II. Бинокулярная
острота зрения для разных расстояний // Сенсорные системы. 2001. Т. 15. № 3. С.
257-263.
5.
Рожкова Г.И.,
Токарева В.С., Родионова Е.И., Ващенко Д.И., Васильева Н.Н. Возрастная динамика
остроты зрения у школьников. III. Соотношение
монокулярных и бинокулярных показателей // Сенсорные системы. 2001. Т. 15. № 3.
С. 264-272.
6. Подугольникова Т.А., Кондрашев С.Л., Пущин И.И. Типы крупных
ганглиозных клеток сетчаток бурого терпуга (Hexagrammos octogrammus) и керчака
Стеллера (Myoxocephalus
stelleri), проецирующихся в зрительный тектум // Сенсорные системы. 2001. Т. 15. № 1. С. 44-53.
7. Cook J.E,
Podugolnikova T.A. Evidence for spatial regularity among retinal ganglion cells
that project to the accessory optic system in a frog, a reptile, a bird, and a
mammal // Visual Neuroscience. 2001. V. 18. P. 289-297.
8. Pigarev I. N.,
Nothdurft H.-Ch. Kastner S. Neurons with large bilateral receptive fields in
monkey prelunate gyrus // Exp. Brain Res. 2001. V. 136. P. 108-113.
9. Ogurtsov S.V.,
Bastakov V.A., 2001а. Imprinting on native pond odour in the pool frog, Rana lessonae
Cam. // Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 9., Marchlewska-Koj A., Lepri J.J. and
Muller-Schwarze D. eds., Kluwer/Plenum Publishers, New York. P. 433-441.
10. Bastakov V.A.
Constancy of Perception: Neuroethological and Comparative Aspects // International
Society for Neuroethology Newsletter. November.
2001. p. 4.
11. Лапшин Д.Н. Ультразвуковая эхолокация ночных бабочек // Сб.
научно-популярных статей. "Российская наука: грани творчества на грани
веков". Под редакцией академика В. П. Скулачёва. М.: Научный мир, 2000. С.
252-260.
12. Лапшин Д.Н. Эхолокационная система ночных бабочек
(Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) // Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора
биологических наук. 2001 г.
13. Веденина В.Ю., фон Хельверсен O.
Фармакологическая активация стридуляционного поведения Chorthippus albomarginatus (ORTHOPTERA: GOMPHOCERINAE) // Журн. эвол. биохим. и физиол., 2001. Т. 37. № 4.
14. Рогатина Е.В., Голубцов К.В. Критическая частота мельканий
на цветные стимулы в диагностике заболевания детей // Пособие для врачей, 2001,
20 с.
15. Шигина Н.А., Куман И.Г., Хейло Т.С., Крутов С.В. Голубцов
К.В. Мелькающий хроматический свет как регулятор биологических процессов в
зрительной системе // Известия ТГРУ (Таганрогский Государственный
Радиотехнический Университет). 2001. № 4. C. 376-377.
16. Prokhorov K.A.,
Nikolaeva G.Yu., Gordeev S.A., Pashinin P.P., and Nikolaev D.P. Raman
scattering in oriented polyethylene: The range of valence vibrations of the CH2
group // Laser Physics. 2001. V. 11. № 1. P. 86-93
1.
Максимова Е.М.,
Бастаков В.А. Физиология зрительного анализатора. Руководство к практическим
занятиям по курсу физиологии животных и человека. М.: Изд-во МГУ, 2001 (в печати).
2. Pigarev I. N.,
Chelvanayagam, D. K., Cappello, J., Vidyasagar T. R. Primary visual cortex and
memory: Retinal position specificity and lack of size constancy at early stages
of learning a visual memory task. Exp. Brain Res. 2001 (in press).
3.
Шигина Н.А., Куман
И.Г., Хейло Т.С., Рябцева А.А., Голубцов К.В. Крутов С.В. Применение
электрического тока в диагностике и лечении патологии зрительного нерва и
сетчатки // Медицинский вестник. 2001 (в печати).
4.
Шигина Н.А., Куман
И.Г., Голубцов К.В., Крутов С.В. Особенности использования хроматического света
в диагностике и лечении атрофии зрительного нерва // Медицинский вестник. 2001
(в печати).
5.
Шигина Н.А., Голубцов
К.В, Куман И.Г., Рябцева А.А. Критическая частота слития мельканий в
диагностике заболеваний зрительной системы // Пособие для врачей. 2001. 16 с.
(в печати).
6.
Шигина Н.А., Куман
И.Г., Голубцов К.В. Светостимуляция в диагностике и лечении зрительной системы.
Пособие для врачей. 2001 (в печати).
Conference reports
1. Maximova E.M.,
Maximov P.V., Maximov V.V. Interaction of excitation and inhibition in the
receptive field of the ON-OFF units in the frog retina // Proceedings of the 28th Goettingen
Neurobiology Conference. 2001. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, New York.
2. Maximov P.V.,
Maximov V.V. Frequency transfer properties of a model of the photoreceptor
triad synapse with ephaptic feedback from horizontal cells // Proceedings of
the 28th Goettingen Neurobiology Conference 2000. Georg Thieme Verlag,
Stuttgart, New York.
3. Maximov V.V.,
Koulchitsky S. and Voronin L.L. Intrasynaptic ephaptic feedback: illusory
disappearance of paired pulse depression (PPD) with slowing the decay of the
excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) // Proceedings of the 28th Goettingen
Neurobiology Conference 2001. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York.
4. Maximov V.V., Maximov
P.V., Astrelin A.V., Lomonosov A.M., Voronin L.L., Cherubini E. Stochastic
model of the ephaptic feedback in invaginating spine synapses // 4th INTAS
Interdisciplinary Symposium on Physical and chemical methods in biology,
medicine and environment (Grant Monitoring Conference) - Proceedings book 2001.
Moscow. P. 53-54.
5. Maximov V.V.,
Orlov O.Yu. The von Kries Coefficient Law accounts for colour constancy in
toads // 6th International Congress of Neuroethology Abstracts. 2001. Bonn. S.
3.2.
6.
Maximov P.V, Maximov V.V. Colour constancy via horizontal cells: Can it
be realized by means of a feedback mechanism? In: "6th International
Congress of Neuroethology Abstracts. 2001.
Bonn. S. 55.
7.
Пиковский Ю.И.,
Губерман Ш.А., Ранцман Е.Я., Гласко М.П., Максимов В.В. Идентификация крупных
месторождений нефти и газа в новейшей блоковой структуре земной коры:
технология прогноза. // «Международная научно-практическая конференция «Прогноз
нефтегазоносности фундамента молодых и древних платформ». Тезисы докладов».
2001. Изд-во Казанского ун-та, Казань. С. 225-228.
8.
Максимов В.В.,
Максимова Е.М., Лебедев Д.С. Механизмы и функции цветовой оппонентности в
зрении позвоночных // XVIII Съезд физиологического общества имени И.П. Павлова.
Тезисы докладов. 2001. Казань. С. 146-147.
9.
Кульчицкий С.В.,
Максимов В.В., Максимов П.В., Касьянов А.М., Керубини Е. Исследование
механизмов парного взаимодействия в синапсах с положительной эфаптической
обратной связью // XVIII Съезд физиологического общества имени И.П. Павлова.
Тезисы докладов. 2001. Казань. С. 133-134.
10. Максимова Е.М., Утина И.А. Роль дофаминэргических нейронов в
сетчатке позвоночных // XVIII Съезд физиологического общества имени И.П.
Павлова. Тезисы докладов. 2001. Казань. С. 147.
11. Damjanovich I.,
Byzov A.L., Bowmaker J.K., Gachich Z., Utina I.A., Maximova E.M., Michkovich
B., Andjus R.K. Pigment content of eel photoreceptors. // Prirodni potencijali kopna,
kontinentalnih voda i mora Crne Gore i njihova zashtita. Zabljak. 2001. P. 197.
12. Пиковский Ю.И., Гласко М.П., Губерман Ш.А., Максимов В.В.,
Ранцман Е.Я. Стратегия поисков крупных месторождений нефти и газа в
малоизученных и труднодоступных районах // Малоизученные нефтегазоносные
регионы и комплексы России (прогноз нефтегазоносности и перспективы освоения).
Тезисы докладов. ВНИГНИ. 2001. Москва. С. 6-7.
13. Lebedev D.S.
Model research of the output signals of the midget ganglion cells in the
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Patents
and inventions
1.
Голубцов К.В.,
Софронов П.Д. Патент на изобретение № 2162310 от 27.01.2001 "Система для
восстановления зрения".
2.
Зуева М.В., Голубцов
К.В. и др. Патент на изобретение № 2168964 от 20.06.2001 г. "Способ
топической диагностики дефектов поля зрения".