LABORATORY 9
Laboratory of
Neurobiology of Motor Control
Head of Laboratory – Full member of
the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Dr.Sc. (Medicine), Prof. Victor
Gurfinkel
The leading researchers of the laboratory include:
|
Dr. |
A. Grishin |
Dr. |
M. Lipshits |
|
Dr. |
Yu. Ivanenko |
Dr. |
K. Popov |
|
Dr. |
O. Kazennikov |
Dr. |
V. Selionov |
|
Dr. |
G. Kozhina |
Dr. |
V. Shlykov |
|
Dr. |
Yu. Levik |
Dr. |
B. Smetanin |
Laboratory of
neurobiology of motor control investigates the mechanisms of control of posture
and movements for more then 25 years. At present time the efforts are focused
at study of system of internal representation and its role in motor control and
at the investigations of reference systems used by brain for organization of
motor behavior. During last years it was shown that in situations with
discrepancy between real and perceived position of body segments many motor
reactions such as vestibulo-motor and neck influences on leg muscles or oculomotor
reactions are determined not by real body configuration but by its description
in the system of the internal representation.
In the activity
of laboratory the studies of neural mechanisms of locomotion in cat
traditionally took an important place. Now we begin to study stepping
automatisms in humans. These studies successfully advance.
Manned
spacefights open a possibility for studying how the human central nervous
system adapts to the microgravity, to what extent the gravitation is essential
for processing of proprioceptive information and for motor control. A series of
joint research projects with France was accomplished in this direction during
1982-2001 under conditions of real spaceflights.
MAIN RESULTS
The capability of elaboration by the central nervous system of adequate system of internal representation of an own body and external space in conditions of weightlessness was demonstrated. Under conditions of weightlessness during flight on the International space station in October, 2001 within the framework of the Russian-French program "Andromeda" the experiment "Cogni" was performed. In this experiment the study of a role of gravitation in creation by a human brain of a system of internal representation of an own body and external space necessary for sensory-motor control was continued. The experiment included two tests. In first one the capability of elaboration by the central nervous system of adequate system of internal representation in conditions free floating and absence of the visual control was checked (that is on the basis of the information only from proprioceptive of system about mutual configuration of various body parts). In other experiment the influence of weightlessness on ability to pass complex three-dimensional trajectories under conditions of a virtual reality was investigated.
In 2001 the
studies of postural of vibratory reactions of the man on unstable supports of
different types were carried out. Is was shown, that the information from
propriceptors of muscles which are carrying out maintenance of balance in a
frontal plane, can be used by a control system depending on internal model of
interaction of a body with a support generated by CNS.
The method of
transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to demonstrate the increase of a
role of motor cortex in regulation of a posture with the increase of complexity
of the motor task. To study supraspinal of influences we applied transcranial
magnetic stimulation of motor cortex of the human during standing on a steady
and unstable support. EMG-responses of soleus muscle were recorded. After
transition from standing on a firm floor to standing on a mobile support
absolute EMG - the answer to transcranial magnetic stimulation grew by 2,7
times. The amplitude of H-reflex which showed the excitability of spinal
motoneurons did not change. Thus it is shown, that the increase of EMG –
responses of soleus muscle to transcranial magnetic stimulation during standing
on mobile support in comparison with the responses on the rigid floor is connected
not to the increase of reflex excitability of spinal motoneurons but with the
enhancement of activity of cortical structures. Postural control on a unstable
support represents a more complex task and consequently requires involving of
high level supraspinal structures in process of sensory-motor integration for
maintenance of balance.
The data on
double function of vision in postural control as a bases for elaboration of
reference system for orientation in space and source of the information about movement
of an own body were obtained. For study of mechanisms of visual stabilization
of human vertical posture we investigated easy standing and postural reactions
on vibratory stimulation of muscular proprioceptors under different conditions
of the visual control. The stability was best, and postural of reaction to
vibration smallest with open eyes. With closed eyes both spontaneous
fluctuations of a body at easy standing and postural reactions grew
considerably. Under conditions of horizontal inversion of visual perception (by
inverting glasses) the spontaneous fluctuations and postural reactions became
even larger. The parallel character of changes of spontaneous postural
fluctuations and reactions to external influences testifies, that both the
visual information on movement of an own body concerning an environment, and unspecific
visual influence on the stability of easy standing could serve as a source of
stabilizing action of vision. For study of the contribution of each of these
two factors the experiments were repeated under conditions of standing with a
light additional support. In this case the influence of vision on standing
stability vanished, but the size of reactions on vibratory stimulation still
varied depending on visual conditions.
With the
purpose of discovering the characteristics of interaction between central and
peripheral of mechanisms of locomotor control we investigated influence of vibration
applied to leg muscles under conditions of legs unloading, on parameters of
voluntaryu stapping movements in humans. Is was shown, that the vibration of muscles,
depending on a place and conditions of its application influences the
functioning of the central pattern generator.
Grants FROM:
·
Universities of
Russia – Basic Research (No. 2605): "Brain, movement and reference
systems" (head V. Gurfinkel).
·
Russian Basic Research Foundation (No. 99-04-48015): "Experimental study of
locomotor automatisms in human" (head Yu. Levik).
·
Russian Basic Research Foundation (No. 99-04-48305): "The
influence of visual destabilisation on vestibular postural reactions in
humans" (head K. Popov).
·
Russian Basic Research Foundation (No. 99-04-48450): "Internal
reference system for sensory-motor interactions" (head M. Lipshits).
·
Russian Basic Research Foundation (No. 99-04-48758): "Axial
muscles: motor and perceptive effect of proprioceptive stimulation and postiral
tone" (head V. Gurfinkel).
·
Russian Basic Research Foundation (No. 00-04-48156): "The investigation of supraspinal control and adaptive mechanisms
mechanisms of equilibrium maintenance on unstable support" (head Yu. Ivanenko).
Publications in 2001
Articles
1. Deniskina N.V.,
Gurfinkel V.S., Levik Yu.S. The comparative role of muscles of ankle and hip
joint in regulation of human orthograde posture in frontal plane // Human
Physiology. 2001, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 66-70 (in Russian).
2. Popov K.E.,
Smetanin B.N., Kozhina G.V. Adaptive changes of vestibular postural reactions
of a human under conditions of horizontal visual inversion // Íåéðîôèçèîëîãèÿ /
Neurophysiology (Kiev). 2001, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 295-302.
3. Wiesendanger
M., Kazennikov O., Nirkko A., Roesler K.M. Post-lesion functional resoration of
hand dexterity and the principal of motor equivalence. – In: Sensorymotor
control, eds.: R. Dengler, A. Kossev. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2001, pp. 141-149.
4. Lipshits M.I.,
Leone G., McIntyre J., Berthoz A., De Shonen S. Gravity and brain hemispheric
specialization in bilateral symmetry detection task // Int. Symposium
“International Scientific Cooperation onboard MIR”, Actes/Proceedings, Lyon (France), 19-21
March 2001, p. 121.
5. McIntyre J., Lipshits M.I., Zilli J., Berthoz
A. Haptic perception of force and form and the control of force and movement
with and without gravity // Int. symposium “International Scientific
Cooperation onboard MIR”, Actes/Proceedings, Lyon (France), 19-21 March 2001,
p. 123.
6. Semjen A.,
Lipshits M.I. The accuracy of motor timing under microgravity // Int. symposium
“International Scientific Cooperation onboard MIR”, Actes/Proceedings, Lyon
(France), 19-21 March 2001, pp. 147-153.
7. McIntyre J.,
Lipshits M.I., Zaoui M., Gurfinkel V., Berthoz A. Multi-modal reference frames
for visual-haptic coordination // Int. symposium “International Scientific
Cooperation onboard MIR”, Actes/Proceedings, Lyon (France), 19-21 March 2001,
p. 175.
8. McIntyre J.,
Lipshits M., Zaoui M., Berthoz A., Gurfinkel V. Internal reference frames for
representation and storage of visual information: the role of gravity // Acta
Astronautica. 2001, v. 49, no. 3-10, pp. 111-121.
9. Roll R., Popov
K., Roll J.-P. Adaptation of goal-directed movements in microgravity. – In:
International Scientific Cooperation onboard MIR, Proceedings of International
Symposium , Lyon (France), CNES, 2001, 165-1.
10. Lipshits M., McIntyre J., Zaoui M.,
Gurfinkel V., Berthoz A. Does gravity play an essential role in the
asymmetrical visual perception of vertical and horizontal line length? // Acta
Astronautica. 2001, v. 49, no. 3-10, pp. 123-130.
11. Deniskina N. V., Levik Y.S. Relative
contribution of ankle and HIP muscles in regulation of the human orthograde
posture in a frontal plane // Neuroscience Letters,.2001, v. 310/2-3, pp.
165-168.
12. Hodges P., Gurfinkel V., Brumagne
S., Smith T., Cordo P. The Inverted pendulum model of postural control
overlooks the multi-segmented nature of the body: evidence from postural
compensation for respiration // Posture and Gait. 2001, pp. 290-293.
13. Mars F., Popov K., Vercher J.-L.
Supramodal effects of galvanic vestibular stimulation on the subjective vertical
// NeuroReport. 2001, 12:1-4.
1. Lipshits M.I.,
Gurfinkel V.S., Lestienne F., Roll J.-P. Neurophysiological studies in
weightlessness. I. Control of posture and movement. – In: «Orbital station
«MIR». Space biology and medicine». Published by «SSC RF IMBP RAS», 2002, vol.
2 (in press, in Russian).
2. Lipshits M.I.,
McIntyre J., Berthoz A. Neurophysiological studies in weightlessness. II.
Sensory-motor interaction and system of internal rept\resentation. – In: «Orbital
station «MIR». Space biology and medicine». Published by «SSC RF IMBP RAS»,
2002, vol. 2 (in press, iIn Russian).
3. Lipshits M.I.,
Gurfinkel V.S. De Shonen, McIntyre J., Berthoz A.S. Gravity and hemispheric
brain specialization in task of detection of bilateral symmetry // Human Physiology.
2002 (in press, in Russian).
4. Smetanin B.N.,
Popov K.E., Kozhina G.V. Postural reactions of humans on vibratory stimulation
of shank muscles under conditions of visual inversion // Human Physiology. 2002
(in press, in Russian).
5. Solopova I.A.,
Ivanenko Yu.P., Levik Yu.S. Postural vibratory reaction of human in frontal
plane during standing on different types of unstable supports // Human
Physiology. 2002 (in press, in Russian).
6. Solopova I.A.,
Kazennikov O., Deniskina N.V., Ivanenko Yu.P., Levik Yu.S. The comparison of
responses of leg muscles to transcranial magnetic stimulation during standing
on stable and unstable support / Human Physiology. 2002 (in press, in Russian).
7. Kazennikov O.,
Perrig S., Wiesendanger M. Kinematics of a coordinated goal-directed bimanual
task // Beh. Brain. Res. 2002 (in press).
8. Hodges P.,
Gurfinkel V., Brumagne S., Smith T., Cordo P. Coexistence of stability and
mobility in postural control: evidence from T postural compensation for respiration
// Experimental Brain Research. 2002 (in press).
9. Bresciani
J.-P., Vercher J.-L, Blouin J., Popov K., Bourdin C., Sarlegna F., Gauthier
G.M. Galvanic vestibular stimulation in humans produces online arm movement
deviations when reaching towards memorized visual targets // Neuroscience
Letters. 2002, 318: 34-38 (in press)
1. Levik Yu.S.,
Shlykov V.Yu. Eye movements elicited by changes of internal representation of
body configuration // XVIII Congress of I.P. Pavlov Physiological Society,
Abstracts of reports, Kazan, September 25-28 2001, p. 137 (in Russian).
2. Deniskina N.V.,
Solopova I.A. The studies of role of supraspinal structures during standing on
stable and unstable support // Abstracts of reports of annual conference of
young scientists of the Institute of Neurophysiology and Higher Nervous Activity
RAS, Oct. 10-11 2001, pp. 26-27 (in Russian).
3. Solopova I.A.
Postural vibratory reactions of human on unstable supports of different types
// XVIII Congress of I. P. Pavlov Physiological Society, Abstracts of reports,
Kazan, September 25-28 2001, pp. 229-230 (in Russian).
4. Popov K.E.,
Smetanin B.N., Kozhina G.V. Vestibular-postural reactions under conditions of
right – left inversion of visual space // XVIII Congress of I. P. Pavlov
Physiological Society, Abstracts of reports, Kazan, September 25-28 2001, pp.
199-200 (in Russian).
5. Smetanin B.N.,
Popov K.E., Kozhina G.V. Postural reactions on vibratory stimulation of shank
muscles under different conditions of visual control // XVIII Congress of I. P.
Pavlov Physiological Society, Abstracts of reports, Kazan, September 25-28
2001, pp. 226-227 (in Russian).
6. Selionov V.A.,
Kazennikov V.A., Levik Yu.S., Gurfinkel V.S. The studies of influence of
vibratory stimulation of muscles on the pattern of voluntary stepping movements
under unloading conditions // XVIII Congress of I. P. Pavlov Physiological
Society, Abstracts of reports, Kazan, September 25-28 2001, p. 222 (in
Russian).
7. Lipshits M., McIntyre J. The system of
internal representation for perception of visual orientation. The role of
gravitation» // XVIII Congress of I. P. Pavlov Physiological Society, Abstracts
of reports, Kazan, September 25-28 2001, p. 540 (in Russian).
8. Popov K.E.,
Smetanin B.N., Kozhina G.V. Short and long term adaptation of vestibular
postural response to left-right visual reversal // International Symposium on
Neural control of space coding and action production, Lyon (France) March 22-24
2001, pp. 95-96.